Thesis Proposal on 4ps - 2804 Words

Level of Awareness of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) Beneficiaries in Barangay Lagao, General Santos City A Thesis Proposal Presented to Dr. Epimaco Cabanlit Graduate Program Master in Public Administration Mindanao State University General Santos City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in PA 299 (Research Methods in Public Administration) By Lorymae B. Padillo March 16, 2013 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Poverty has been a problem in the Philippines since time immemorial. Unfortunately, the number of Filipinos suffering from the aforementioned social problem is increasing every year. This is in spite of the poverty alleviation interventions being implemented by the government and†¦show more content†¦benefits e. conditions f. effects on the lives of the respondent 3. Are there significant differences among the respondents awareness with respect to: a. Age b. Educational Attainment c. Source of Income d. Number of Children e. Length of being a beneficiary Significance of the Study The study will be of great contribution to various individuals as well as to social institutions. The data gathered will help the Department of Social Welfare and Development to assess the program and make necessary alterations in various areas, if needed. The study will provide data that will enrich the reader’s perception about the program and how the beneficiaries perceive it to be. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literatures and Studies and Conceptual Framework The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a human development program of the national government. It is also a social protection strategy that invests in the health and education of poor children age 0-14 years old. It is widely known as the Philippine conditional cash transfer program. As of January 9, 2013, the program has 3,843,502 household beneficiaries and operates in 1,605 cities and municipalities in 79 provinces in all 17 regions nationwide. ( http://pantawid.dswd.gov.ph/ ) The program has focused on two objectives: 1. Social assistance: provideShow MoreRelated4ps in the Philippines3303 Words   |  14 PagesUNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Social Sciences DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAM THE EFFECTS OF PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM IN THE LIVES OF BENEFICIARIES IN THE CITY OF MANILA (Thesis Proposal) MARY GRACE FABROS BA Development Studies UP Manila Statement of the problem The Philippines has been battling against poverty for over several years now. The problem with poverty was inherited by every president, the highest ranking official of the republicRead MoreTesco Online Marketing Research in Thailands Markets2543 Words   |  11 PagesAssignment 1 – 50% Marketing Research Proposal – Individual Assignment Tesco-Online Thailand’s Failure to Penetrate Thai Markets Marketing Proposal Student Name: Weerapat Bhattharadheerakul Student ID: S00805162 Course Title: Digital Marketing Research Instructors Name: Gabriella Kerezturi Regent’s University London November 2014 Content Page Title Page 1 Table of contents 2 Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 4 a. IndustryRead MoreImpact of Crm on Customer Retention4714 Words   |  19 PagesABSTRACT CRM (Customer Relationship Management) is an integrated approach to identifying, acquiring, retaining and delighting customers. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of Customer Relationship Management Process on Customer Retention with reference to Banking Sector. We describe the objectives of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in Customer Retention which is very important for the survival of companies in today’s competitive environment. CRM helps organizations maximizeRead MoreGloria Jeans19182 Words   |  77 Pageswonder its success through its vision. They can only judge and analyze generally by outside aspect. Hence, be slowly and serious in examining can produce great result in brand positioning of a current successful company. 1.4.2 Research Objective This thesis aims to take an analysis of the Vietnam consumer market as it relates to the sale of premium coffee in retail chain stores, develop an understanding of Vietnamese consumer behavior, and ultimately recommend a marketing strategy for Gloria Jeans. TheRead MorePepsi Summer Project Report12738 Words   |  51 PagesNew products are launched amp; astonishing pace are available worldwide in a short time. Communicating ones media are proliferating new distribution channels amp; formats keep appearing. Competitors are everywhere amp; hungry. Marketing Mix : ( 4Ps OF MARKETING) Marketing mix is a by-product of customer oriented marketing approach. After identifying the market amp; gathering the basic information about it, the next step in the direction of market programming is to decide upon the instrumentsRead MoreStandardisation and Adaptation Within International Marketing Context24708 Words   |  99 Pagesremain scare, partly due to the ‘difficult of studying these complex organisations’ ( Nohria and Ghoshal, 1997, p.vxi) Aiming to achieve both customer satisfaction and Page 2 Structure and Organisation of the Dissertation The main format of my thesis followed by â€Å" MBA dissertation Feedback†1 form. This paper is divided into three parts in terms of seven chapters. The first part introduce the choice and description of Methodologies and theories, second part address the problem situation and applicationRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pages000 per year forever, starting 21 years from now? $75,000. (Hint: The present value of $1 to be paid in 20 years is 1/(1 + r)20 = .15.) (f ) Now calculate the present value of Archie’s contract. 8.50 Ãâ€" 50, 000 = $425, 000. 11.3 (0) Professor Thesis is puzzling over the formula for the present value of a stream of payments of $1 a year, starting 1 year from now and continuing forever. He knows that the value of this stream is expressed by the inï ¬ nite series S= 1 1 1 + + ..., + 1 + r (1 + r)2Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesthe British government who blocked the plan, ruling it ‘against public interest’. Despite pressure from Members of Parliament, this time the government decided not to intervene, conceding that ultimately it was a matter for shareholders. A revised proposal of  £3 a share in February 2005 was at a level the board felt was ‘fair’. Although declining to recommend the bid, the board had no alternative but to allow access to United’s books. Chief Executive David Gill explained that the returns required byRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesand specific organizational respons ibilities and apply different criteria to the purchase decision. âž ¡ The buyers must adhere to formal purchasing policies, constraints and requirements. âž ¡ The buying instruments, such as requests for quotations, proposals and purchase contracts, add another dimension not typically found in consumer buying. Although quite obviously, as with consumers in consumer markets, no two companies behave in the same way, both research and experience have demonstrated that patterns

Mass Incarceration During The United States - 1322 Words

Monroe Craver Mrs. Gallos English 3 Honors 30 March 2017 Mass Incarceration in the United States There are too many people in prison in our country and any people in prison today are non-violent drug offenders. The American war on drugs has targeted people in poverty and minorities, who are more likely to be involved in drug use. This has created a pattern of crime and incarceration and â€Å"...[a] connection between increased prison rates and lower crime is tenuous and small.† (Wyler). The prison system in our country today focuses on punishment for the inmates rather than rehabilitation for life after their release. People of color such as African-Americans and Hispanics are in prison at Craver 2 disproportionate rates†¦show more content†¦To put drug users in prison rather than giving them help only creates an awful cycle of abuse and over- populated prisons in America. Many people are in prison today because of unjust sentencing legislation such as mandatory sentencing laws, which â€Å"... often make no distinction between, say, armed Craver 2 assault and auto theft†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gupta). The three- strikes law prevents repeat felony offenders from receiving anything other than a life sentence, even if the crimes committed are not at all related. Drug users who are arrested multiple times can spend their lives in prison for having an addiction. This does not drive the rate of crime down, but only inflates the prison population for longer periods of time. Lawmakers have the biggest opportunity to make a change in the prison problem in our country today. By ending jail time as a consequence for low- level offenses, establishing drug courts nationally, and changing policies such as mandatory minimum sentences and three- strike laws would greatly reduce the number of people who would enter prison in the future. Such an action would require effective parole programs, which are necessary for proper rehabilitation of prisoners. Some believe inmates who are still serving sentences for crimes they committed decadesShow MoreRelatedMass Incarceration Is Defined As The Imprisonment Of A Large Amount Of People1439 Words   |  6 PagesAt the simplest level, mass incarceration is defined as the imprisonment of a large amount of people. However, that does not tell the whole story. The majority of people incarcerated are minorities, and although mass incarceration began as a system of unjust racial and social control, today it continues for many political reasons including government grants, swaying voter opinion, and for-profit prison revenue. The United States incarcerates more people, per capita, than any other nation in theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, examines mass incarceration in the United States, why the criminal justice system works the way it does towards minorities, the detriments associated with mass incarceration as it relates to offenders, and much more. In the introduction of her book, Alexander immediately paints the harsh reality of mass incarceration with the story of Jarvious Cotton who is denied the right to vote among other rights becauseRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States has not remained the same over time since its creation. Racism has shifted, changed, and shaped into unrecognizable ways that fit into the fabric of the American society to render it nearly invisible to the majority of Americans. M ichelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the high rates of incarceration in the United States is anRead MoreMass Incarceration In Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 PagesJim Crow laws were state and local laws that reinforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950’s (Urofsky). The laws mandated segregation of schools, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, and restaurants. In legal theory, blacks received â€Å"separate but equal† treatment under the law--in actuality, public facilities were nearly always inferior to those for whites, when they existed at all. In addition, blacksRead MoreIntro: Elia .Mass Incarceration Is An Important Topic Because1210 Words   |  5 PagesIntro: Elia Mass Incarceration is an important topic because it has a huge impact on the United States. Let alone the fact that the United States has the highest incarcerated population in the world with 716 out of 100,000 citizens behind bars. Another important topic is that a certain race and ethnicity are behind bars which are the African Americans and Latinos than whites. But African Americans are 1 in 3, Latinos are 1 in 6, and whites are 1 in 17 who will be in prison during their lifetimeRead MoreAmerican Incarceration : Where We Are, And What Can Be Done?1518 Words   |  7 PagesYasir Choudhury Dr. Joà £o Vargas UGS 303 Mass Incarceration 5 October 2015 American Incarceration: Where We Are, and What Can be Done From its early inception as a necessary aspect of modern society to its broken state that can be seen today, the American penal system has changed radically in recent history from an institution that performed the duty of safeguarding the public from those too dangerous to be left unsupervised to a business model concerned more with generating a profit for shareholdersRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreThe Basis for Cridme Deterren ce in the United States964 Words   |  4 Pagesdeterrence in the United States is based on the exacting words of Beccaria, â€Å"†¦ a punishment†¦ should be public, immediate, and necessary, the least possible in the case given, proportioned to the crime, and determined by the laws. While this philosophy fulfills its intended goals, it also comes with far reaching consequences for criminal offenders and completely ignores the true goal of incarceration, to rehabilitate the offender for reintroduction into society. Mass incarceration as a means of criminalRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studiesRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States1506 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the United States would eventually become the prison capital of the world, incarcerating, proportionally, more people than anywhere in the world. Today, beyond being a popular political talking point, mass incarceration has become a veritable crisis. The United States now has over 2 million citizens languishing in prisons -- far and away in the most in the globe, and a nearly 68% recidivism rate. Most Americans are quick to blame the di re state of mass incarceration in the United States today

The advantages of plastic surgery Free Essays

The advantages of plastic surgery can be many in the right circumstances. Plastic surgery can be exactly what you need to enhance your self image. Having a positive self image can give you the self confidence that you need to get a better job, try new things and it will give you a general overall feeling of well being. We will write a custom essay sample on The advantages of plastic surgery or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Another advantage of cosmetic surgery is the ability to correct physical defects. These patients may have physical defects that have resulted from an accident or a bad case of acne as a teenager. Some people are born with physical defects that have plagued them since birth and surgery can finally give them a shot at a normal life. one example is the clef palate. Psychologically, patients receive a powerful boost from such surgery as well as conforming to society’s standards. If you have felt bad about the way you look, due to a flaw such as a nose that you feel is too large or wrinkles that make you feel old, plastic surgery can make you feel better about yourself. it can be a solution to better emotional wellness. Many adults suffered emotional trauma as children and many children suffer today because of the cruelty of their peers and the teasing they receive. â€Å"You can’t imagine how it feels not to be afraid of being teased anymore†¦ They’d call out, ‘Is that a nose or a hose? ‘†¦ In today’s society, inevitably, attractiveness aids in social acceptance. â€Å"Recent studies have shown that persons of pleasing appearance are accepted more readily by peers and by seniors and are more, successful† (Stark xv). This, maybe true anywhere: in the work-force, in the dating and social night life, as well as anywhere one goes for either service or in any type of communication related atmosphere. Good looks are often helpful in receiving more attention as well. To achieve this social satisfaction, many often look to plastic surgery to take away that extra lump or bump, or improve some other fault one might find with themselves. Today, plastic surgery can achieve what years of exercise can’t, and brings a different meaning to the phrase † growing old gracefully†. Changing one’s appearance in the slightest of ways can make a world of difference to that person. How to cite The advantages of plastic surgery, Essay examples

Music Report Essay Thesis Example For Students

Music Report Essay Thesis Concert opened with choir singing with the whole orchestra playing their instruments. In the prelude, there are two movements. Both of these movements are exciting and dramatic in moods. At first, the violinists are playing with the skill of pizzicato . The woodwind part also plays a important part in creating the atmosphere. The musician hit the bass drum and increased the mood of grand in the exciting part. The pianist used the skills of staccato in performing too. In the second part, the music started with the woodwind part which created a contrast mood with the previous part. The musicians blew the French horn with the accompany of the triangles before the choir started singing. It is a peaceful part. In the second movement, the baritone who sit beside the conductor started his solo with the accompany of some percussions such as triangle. Afterwards ,the strings part Join the music. In the third movement, it has a drastic change in mood where the moods turn to lively and exciting. More instruments such as tambourine Joined this movement and create the Joyful environment. In the third part, it started with the strings part. The moods is lively and happy. Then a musician plays the flute alone which creates a short peaceful moment. After that brass Joins the music and creates a richer tone color atmosphere. While, in the second movement, the main point is on the choir and they are singing in a repetition style which creates an echo effect. In the third movement, the choir is singing with the accompany of percussions and the moods is relaxing and lively. In the forth part, the baritone starts singing again. This time ,he is singing in a more aggressive mood accompanied with the strings. The mood in this movement is angry and desperate. After that there is a short piece of bassoon solo and the tenor starts singing. I was impressed by the singing skill of the tenor and he sang in a mood of regret and sad. Afterwards, baritone starts singing after the tenor has ended. This part was ended by the choir singing with the accompany of the whole orchestra. In the fifth part, the soprano surprised me with her voice. She is singing accompanied with the strings and woodwind. The mood in the part of the solo of the soprano is sad and hopeless. After a short piece sung by the choir, the baritone sang gain in a way like replying to the soprano. This part ended with the solo of the soprano in a extremely high pitch sound. In the sixth part, the choir sang with the accompany of the whole orchestra and the Finally in the last part, it is repeated again from the 1st part where it is the most exciting part in the whole ecstasy and it is grand in mood. I enjoyed the previous part as it seem like more interesting to me and I think it is a nice experience as this is my first time listening to an music concert. However I think it will be better if I could understand what is the choir singing about.

Karl Marx Essays (279 words) - Karl Marx, Economic Ideologies

Karl Marx Karl Marx Karl Marx was a German scholar who lived in the nineteenth century. He spent most of his life studying, thinking and writing about history and economics. A many years of study, much of it spent in England, he believed that he understood more deeply than anyone who had ever lived before him why there is injustice i world. He said that all injustice and inequality is a result of one underlying conflict in society. He called it a 'class struggle', that is, a conflict bet the class of people who can afford to own money- producing businesses, whom he called 'capitalists' or 'the bourgeosie', and the class of people who do not surplus money to buy businesses and who are therefore forced to work for wage whom he called 'workers'. Marx said that, because it was always in the economic interest of capita to take advantage of or 'exploit' workers, nothing could persuade capitalists change their ways. In other words, peaceful progess toward equality and social justice was impossible. The only way to establish justice, he said, was for t workers to overthrow the capitalists by means of violent revolution. He urged workers around the world to revolt against their rulers. Workers of the world unite! he wrote. You have nothing to lose but your chains. Another thing Marx taught was that organized religion, the churches, help capitalists to keep the workers quiet and obedient. Religion, according to Mar 'the opiate of the masses'. The church tells working people to forget about the injustice they meet in their lives and to think instead of how wonderful it will in the after- life when they go to heaven. Marx, with his colleague, Engels, spread his ideas in two famous books, Capital' and 'The Communist Manifesto'. Philosophy

Free Essays on A Raisin In Time

A Life’s Dream In thinking of the Lanston Hughes poem from which the title of this play was taken, the key concept of dreams deferred comes to mind. The characters in this play all had a dream about their life. They all wanted something that would benefit them or others. The cherished dreams of Mama, Walter Lee and Beneatha reveal a great deal about the nature of the characters’ longings which unjust societal expectations cannot destroy. Walter Lee is the man of the Younger family. He runs the feelings and actions of his household. His dream is one that he has wanted for a long time. He has always wanted something he could be proud of calling it himself. He wants a change in his boring job and life and feels his dream can accomplish that. He dreams of running his own business along with his two friends, Bobo and Willy. He has little to worry about in life and he does what he can do to aggravate his wife, Ruth. The Younger family is not one that has loads of money, they live of what they have and cherish what life has brought them. Ruth is a very cautious wife, and Walter ignores it and brings tension to their marage by teasing her. One day their son Travis needed money for school and Ruth said they don’t have it but Walter said something different, â€Å"In fact, here’s another fifty cents†¦Buy yourself some fruit today-or take a taxicab to school or something.† (9) Walter gave away his own money to his son because his dream of his business is something that is sure to help his family. However, no one else believes in his dream. They all don’t want a part in his liquor business. His dream was eventually destroyed when his partner stole his money. Walter then had a break down and lost all faith in life. Mama is a totally different character then Walter Lee. She is very active and appreciative of what they have. She lost her husband and she inherits his money, $10,000. She too has a dream that relates to the money. The ... Free Essays on A Raisin In Time Free Essays on A Raisin In Time A Life’s Dream In thinking of the Lanston Hughes poem from which the title of this play was taken, the key concept of dreams deferred comes to mind. The characters in this play all had a dream about their life. They all wanted something that would benefit them or others. The cherished dreams of Mama, Walter Lee and Beneatha reveal a great deal about the nature of the characters’ longings which unjust societal expectations cannot destroy. Walter Lee is the man of the Younger family. He runs the feelings and actions of his household. His dream is one that he has wanted for a long time. He has always wanted something he could be proud of calling it himself. He wants a change in his boring job and life and feels his dream can accomplish that. He dreams of running his own business along with his two friends, Bobo and Willy. He has little to worry about in life and he does what he can do to aggravate his wife, Ruth. The Younger family is not one that has loads of money, they live of what they have and cherish what life has brought them. Ruth is a very cautious wife, and Walter ignores it and brings tension to their marage by teasing her. One day their son Travis needed money for school and Ruth said they don’t have it but Walter said something different, â€Å"In fact, here’s another fifty cents†¦Buy yourself some fruit today-or take a taxicab to school or something.† (9) Walter gave away his own money to his son because his dream of his business is something that is sure to help his family. However, no one else believes in his dream. They all don’t want a part in his liquor business. His dream was eventually destroyed when his partner stole his money. Walter then had a break down and lost all faith in life. Mama is a totally different character then Walter Lee. She is very active and appreciative of what they have. She lost her husband and she inherits his money, $10,000. She too has a dream that relates to the money. The ...

Comparison of the characters in Sleepy Hollow Movie Review

Comparison of the characters in Sleepy Hollow - Movie Review Example Comparison of the characters in "Sleepy Hollow" From here, Burton depicts the spectrum of rationality and irrationality in what is true. Truth is both irrational and rational, wherein Burton uses sound, lighting, shadows, camera angles and shots, mise-en-scene, and characters to show that people should go beyond appearance and balance rational and supernatural beliefs because they lead to open-mindedness and critical thinking that are essential in finding the truth. Conflicts between appearance and substance are depicted through sounds, as they increase suspense over the mystery of the town and its characters. Diegetic sounds explore the contest between what is and what is not. The signing of the will should signify calmness because of the preparation for the future, and yet the music that plays diegetically produces a suspenseful mood, which serves as the foreshadowing of the horror genre of the story. In the scene where Van Garrett (Dirk Van Garrett) runs for his life, the music becomes more upbeat, as if he would escape, but he does not. The music contrasts with what is happening to the plot to enhance the viewers’ anticipation. Non-diegetic sounds further amplify the difference between substance and appearance. Van Garrett tries to evade the Horseman, and the bristles of the corn stalks can be seen. These sounds are natural, but the plot is about the supernatural. Thunder cuts in to show the appearance of the pumpkin scarecrow. This sound breaks off the natural from the supernatural. It prepares the audience for the real horror ahead, the slashing of Van Garrett’s head. Another example is the hooting of the owl, right after the scene where Ichabod reveals to Baltus Van Tassel’s (Michael Gambon) group that Widow Winship (Layla Alexander) is pregnant. The owl’s sounds indicate that Ichabod is increasing his knowledge, but it is also a sarcastic sound, because of the little he knows. These sounds support the differences between what is real and what is not. Aside from sounds, cam era angles and shots portray the disparities between appearance and substance. Camera angles of characters depict their personalities and motives. When Ichabod urges the Burgomaster (Christopher Lee) to shift their archaic means of resolving crimes to scientific methods, the camera shows the latter in an eye level angle, illustrating him as an equal to his viewers. The angle indicates that he sees every accused as equal too, until a scientific criminal investigation proves otherwise. On the opposite, the High Constable (Alun Armstrong) and Burgomaster are at low camera angle to depict their high social stature. Their high social positions, however, are deceiving, because they are a shame to their professions. The Burgomaster mocks Ichabod’s scientific means by sending him to a faraway rural county, while the High Constable forces Ichabod to â€Å"stand down† from criticizing his management practices (Sleepy Hollow). These shots signify the belief that appearance is not everything. Camera shots are also significant in supporting clashes between realities and lies. Martin Kevorkian believes that Burton’s Ichabod faithfully reflects Irving’s Ichabod through the ironies of the former (28). When Ichabod finishes his post-mortem analysis of Widow Winship’s body, he exclaims to onlookers that they are â€Å"dealing with a mad man† (Sleepy Hollow). With blood all over his clothing and face, he looks like a mad man too. The effect is a play on truth and deception, where Ichabod may look mad himself, but he is dedicated on

Concept Analysis of Consciousness Research Paper

Concept Analysis of Consciousness - Research Paper Example Concept Analysis: Pattern Recognition from Margaret A. Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness (HEC) Some people perceive health as the state or condition where there is the absence of a disease or disability, an assumption which triggered Newman into developing the theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness (HEC) (Newman, 2002). In most cases, these people who include those with health uncertainties, incapacitated, and eventual death; are usually associated or relate with nurses. Over the years, the concept has developed and it incorporates all people regardless of the presence or absence of a disease and/or a disability. The development of the HEC theory is attributed to Martha Roger’s theory of Unitary Human Beings, which holds that â€Å"patterning of persons in interaction with the environment is basic to the view that consciousness is a manifestation of an evolving pattern of person-environment interaction† (Newman, Gaines, and Snare, 2005). N ewman’s theory affirms that the universal process of expanding consciousness should encompass all types of people in every kind of situation regardless of their disabilities and hopelessness. Newman describes this process as that which makes one realize who they are and become one, helps a person to find some sense in living, and that which enables one to reach a new height of connectedness with the rest of the people and the world in general (Newman, 2008). Purpose of and Research Methodology Analysis of a concept is usually to provide the reader with a clear understanding and a detailed description of the concept in question, in this case, pattern recognition (Avant and Walker, 2005). This analysis can be done via implementation of a variety of analysis methodologies. However, this paper employs an analysis methodology developed and presented by Avant and Walker (2005). It identifies operational and theoretical definitions, definition of characteristics of the concepts, ide ntification of the antecedents and the consequences associated with the concept, examination or evaluation of cases in which the concept has been utilized and finally providing empirical referents to the concept. The Concept of Pattern Recognition According to Newman (2005), this concept makes a key component of the relational process of Health as Expanding Consciousness (HEC). In addition, Newman (2005) asserts that a series of visits unfolds the uniqueness of health patterning. Here, a special attention is paid to the development of whatever is required to be the outcome of the relationship that emerges between the nursing practitioner and the patient or client. Identification of patterns occurs in stages via the process of praxis rather than the whole process occurring once (Newman, 2005). Currently, the pattern of life of every person contains past information and probabilities of future occurrences. When a client decides to visit a nurse, it is obviously because things have sli ghtly or extremely changed from the usual and thus he or she requires an alternative regarding the client’s situation. The relating process of the clinician and the patient or client is a key facilitator to understanding of the patterns of a person. According to Newman (2005) the goals of pattern recognition include: Helping the client see and understand the current patterns Helping the client

Oslo Agreement of 1993 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Oslo Agreement of 1993 - Case Study Example The Arab-Israeli conflict has been a persistent source of tension for decades, for example, but it has taken on new dimensions in the aftermath of the failed Oslo process and the recent explosion of violence that shows no signs of abating. These traditional issues have been joined by several more recent problems that defy easy solutions. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) continue to spread throughout the region, despite international non-proliferation efforts. Terrorists recruited and trained in the Middle East are now carrying out attacks far beyond their own borders, creating strong global interests in countering the sources of this phenomenon (Litvak, 1993). The declaration of principles between Israel and the PLO was designed to undertake direct discussions leading to the establishment of Palestinian self-rule, beginning with Gaza and Jericho. These two agreements were assumed to be the result both of the domestic pressure faced by the new Israeli government caused by their perceived failure to move the process along as initially promised and of Arafat's perception that his lack of concrete gains was enhancing the strength of his opponents within the Palestinian movement (Meir, 1993). Thereafter, trusted emissaries of these two principals met in secret negotiations facilitated by the late Johan Holst, then Norway's foreign minister. The Washington ceremony which brought to the world's attention the initial results of this secret effort began an entirely new "third track" to the Arab- Israeli diplomatic process-direct negotiations between Israel and the PLO with a specified timetable leading towards an interim stage of Palestinian autonomy in Gaza and an area around Jericho but with a clear acknowledgement that further movement would then occur incrementally as negotiated. This was followed by the Cairo agreement of 13 February 1994 brokered by the strenuous efforts of Egyptian President Mubarak (Sayigh, 1999). These two diplomatic and political shocks, therefore, while clearly not bringing this subregion of the Middle East to a level of political recognition, economic and cultural interchange, or military stability that had existed in Europe in the early days of the CSCE, nevertheless had moved the process giant steps forward. Political risks associated with these two major moves obviously had been calculated as necessary given the potential outcome and, conversely, the costs of not trying. That is not to suggest that each party went into the process willingly. Future scholars likely will explore the issue of "coercive diplomacy" in this period. Rather, consciously and with purpose or not, as each of the parties entered into one or both of these processes, they endured varying degrees of risk. Each regime or leadership was exposed: the centrality which "the evilness of the Zionist entity" plays in the domestic as well as regional politics of most Arab and Islamic regimes; the profound and pervasive issue of long-term acceptance of Israel in the region, and the more immediate security concerns of facing 22 hostile Arab states and Iran,

Tasks on Management Skills

Tasks on Management Skills Task 1 Identify and evaluate the importance of the personal and professional skills, outlined above, for a successful manager, which enable the manager to meet organizational and own goals (1.1a) The changing role of management: Mary Parker the mother of modern management ,defined management as the art of getting things done through people . At one time, that meant that managers were called bosses, and their job was to tell people what to do and watch over them to be sure they did it . bosses tended to reprimand those who didnt do things correctly and generally acted stern and bossy. Many managers still behave that way. Perhaps you have witnessed such managers yelling at employees at fast-food restaurants or shop floors. Today management is changing from that kind of behavior. Managers are being educated to guide, train, support, motivate, and coach employees rather than to boss them around. Modern managers in progressive companies emphasize teamwork and cooperation rather than discipline and order giving. Managers in some high-tech and progressive firms of all kinds dress more casually, are more friendly, and generally treat employees as partners rather than unruly workers. In general, therefore, management is experiencing a revolution. Managers in the future are much more likely to be working in teams, thisll appraise them below them as well as those above, and theyll be assuming completely new roles in the firm. The following table summarizes the managers different roles. Planning Setting organizational goals Developing strategies to reach those goals . Determining resources needed. Setting standards. Directing Leading, guiding, and motivating employees to work effectively to accomplish organizational goals and objectives. Giving assignments Explaining routines Clarifying policies Providing feedback on performance. Organizing: Allocating resources, assigning tasks, and establishing procedures for accomplishing goals. Preparing a structure (organization chart) showing lines of authority and responsibility. Recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees.. Placing employees where theyll be most effective. Controlling Measuring results against corporate objectives. Monitoring performance relative to standards. Taking corrective action. Some modern managers perform all of these tasks with the full cooperation and participation of workers. Empowering employees means allowing them to participate more fully in decision making. Tasks and skills at different levels of management: Anyone who has ever played a sport such as basketball, football, or soccer knows theres a tremendous difference between being an excellent player and excellent coach (manager). Often a good player will volunteer to coach the neighborhood team and be disaster as a manager. The same thing happens in business. Few people are trained to be managers. Rather, the process of becoming a manger is similar to the sports example. A person learns how to be a skilled accountant or salesperson or production line worker, and then- because of his or her skill- is selected to be a manger. The tendency is for such managers to become deeply involved in showing others how to do things, helping them, supervising them, and generally being very active in the operating task. The further up the managerial ladder a person moves, the less such skills are required. Instead, the need is for people who are visionaries, good planners, organizers, coordinators, communicators, morale builders, and motivators. Managers must have three skills: Technical skills: involve the ability to perform tasks of a specific department such as selling (marketing) or bookkeeping. Human relation skills: include leadership, motivation, coaching, communication, morale building, training and development, help and supportiveness, and delegating. Conceptual skills: refer to mangers ability to picture the organization as a whole and the relationship of various parts to perform tasks such as planning, organizing, controlling, system development, problem analysis, decision making, coordinating, and delegating. The first line managers need to be skilled in all three areas. Most of their time is spent on technical and human relation tasks (assisting operating personnel, giving direction, and so forth). First line managers spend little time on conceptual tasks. Top managers, on the other hand need to use few technical skills. Instead, almost all of their time is devoted to human relations and conceptual tasks. One whos competent at one level of management may not be competent at higher levels and vise versa. The skills needed are different at different levels. The most difficult task for most managers to learn is delegating. Whats delegating? Delegating is assigning authority and accountability to others while retaining the responsibility for results. Managers are usually selected from those who are skilled at doing what the people they manage are doing. As we noted earlier; most progressive managers of the 21 st century will be team leaders. They will set specific goals in corporation with a team of workers, set up feedback and communication procedures (control procedure) , and minimize the tendency to continually look over the teams shoulder to make sure its doing things the managers way . Employees will be given freedom (empowered) to decide the hows and whens of completion of specific tasks as long as the goals are accomplished on time. Decision-making is choosing among two or more alternatives. It sounds easier than it is in practice. In fact , decision making is the heart of all the Management functions. We have six Ds of decision making, which are: Define the problem Describe and collect needed information Develop alternatives Decide which ethical alternative is best Do whats indicated ( implement solution)) Determine whether the decision was a good one and follow up. Managers often have computer terminals at their desks so they can get internal records and external data of all kinds. But again no data in the world can replace a manager who is creative and make brilliant decisions. Decision-making is more art than a science. Its the one skill most needed by managers and leaders in that all the other functions depend on it. Task 2 Provide a range of practical methods suitable for developing or improving the skills discussed in 1.1b Learning managerial skills: We have explored the broad categories of skills needed by various levels of management. Now lets be know more about specific skills needed to be a good manager. a) Verbal skills: The bulk of a managers duty will involve communicating with others. a communicate his idea to others. To prepare for such tasks, he should take oral communication courses. At least half of communication is skilled listening. A good manager mixes with other managers, workers, clients, stockholders, and others outside the firm . he or she listens to recommendations and complaints and acts on them. Active listening requires the asking of questions and feeding back what youve heard to let others know he is truly interested in what they say. b) Writing skills: Managers must also be able to write clearly and precisely. Much of what he want others to do must be communicated through memos, report, policies, and letters. Organizations every where is complaining about many graduates in ability to write clearly (which will affect our future managers). So if from now on, a future manager, develop good writing skills, he will be miles ahead of his competition. That means he must practice writing, it helps to write anything like, diary, letters, notes and so on. With practice he will develop the ability to write easily- just like he speaks. Also with this shill he will be more ready for his career in management. c) Computer skills: The office of the future will be an office full of computers and related technology. Memos, charts, letters, and most of other communication efforts will involve the computer. When a manger is practicing writing, practice on a word processor. The truly efficient manager of the future will be able to effectively use and take advantage of the continuing developments in technology. d) Human relations skills: A manger works with people and that means that good managers know how to get along with people, motivate them, and inspire them. People skills are learned by working with people. good leaders begin early by assuming leadership positions is sports, community groups, and so on. A manager must be aware of how others react with him. If he cause negative feelings or reactions, he has to learn why? He doesnt be afraid to make mistakes and upset others. That is how he could learn. But also he has to learn how to work with others . What is managing diversity? Is building systems and a culture that unite different people in common pursuit without undermining their diversity. Research has shown that heterogeneous (mixed) groups are more productive than homogenous (similar) groups in the work place .men and women, young and old, and all other mixes of people can learn not only to work together but also to work together with more success. In the future, mangers must learn how to deal effectively with people from different cultures. Managers will also be asked to work in foreign countries. The more skilled he can become in other languages and in working with diverse cultural groups, he will be an effective manager. e) Time management skills: One of the most important skills for new mangers to learn how to budget their time effectively. There are many demands on managers time that they need to learn to control telephone interruption, visits from colleagues, questions from subordinates, meetings scheduled by higher management, and such. . This could be by setting priorities, delegating work, choosing activities that produce the mot results and dealing with interruption. f) Technical skills: To rise through the ranks of accounting, marketing, finance, production or, any other functional area , the manager should be proficient in that area. About 60 percent of top mangers have taken courses beyond their bachelors degree. The most common areas of technical expertise among top managers are accounting and finance together. Marketing came in second. Slightly more than half of the top 1000 chief executive officers in the country has a graduate degree. As an example of the skills needed by managers to carry out their work successfully, Ill apply it on my organization and how they are trying to develop these skills from now .They believe that we are the future managers and professors, so we have to learn and apply these skills from now on . I work as a teacher assistant in MIU ( Misr International University). We use to have to attend workshops to improve and develop our ( assistants) skills. These work shops were mainly discussing the following topics : Lesson planning Class management Time management Presentation skills Look at these , these are skills needed from us to have as future professors in MIU.We have to learn how to control a class, how to deal with trouble makers, how to finish what we plan for in the time required..etc. They kept telling us that we are the managers of the class . They resembled the class as an entire organization and Im the leader, manager, controller and evaluator . also they train us to parctice talking in English all the time , to be able to handle all the class teaching in English. Also we have to have excellent computer skills. All of these skills is better off to be learned from now , to apply it in our future careers. This is a simple article from the internet disscussing what should managers do to develop their career. What is expected of me? How well am I doing? Sales Manager: You need to learn how to do relationship selling. Sales Associates response: What exactly does that mean? Executive to manager: You need to be more of a leader and less of a traditional manager. Managers response: What exactly does that mean? The world of work is changing so fast, its difficult to communicate changing expectations quickly and clearly. This is especially true in areas such as sales skills, project management skills and leadership skills. The changes expected in these areas arent easy to observe and measure and, up to now, most companies didnt attempt it. But with competition heating up and hierarchies melting down, the focus on performance and career development has become more intense. For this reason, competencies have become a new tool in the workplace. Competencies are clearly spelled out expectations for a certain role (a leader) or a job (sales associate). They go far beyond a job description to create a template for ideal performance. This tool can then be used for things such as hiring, day-to-day coaching, training and development and performance reviews. Once individuals know what the expected competencies are, the next question is, How am I doing on them now? Many organizations put the competencies into a format that can be used as a feedback instrument. Then they use it to gather 360 degree feedback. This refers to getting feedback from people all around you; your boss, your peers and your employees. Gathering feedback from other colleagues has many advantages. In addition to his or her managers feedback, it also reveals what peers and employees think. It is more comprehensive and less prone to individual bias, since there are multiple perspectives. For example, a manager, who may have thought that his boss was just being picky about his communication skills, will begin to take it seriously when everyone around him is also suggesting that he needs improvement in that area. But there are pitfalls to avoid when setting up competencies and a feedback system like this. If it isnt done well, the damage control will overshadow any good that may have come from it. Here are some things to consider:  · Create a participatory process, where representatives help to establish the competencies and how they will be used. If this process is done to them, rather than by giving them some control, there will be more resistance during implementation.  · Make the competencies as specific to the job as possible. The more generic they are the less effective they will be. In addition, it is key to word the competencies in behavioral language, so everyone knows what the competency means. For example, instead of Effective sales skills, include some behaviors, such as, Builds trust through accountability, honesty and follow-though, or Looks for additional ways to help clients solve their business problem before, during and after the sale, or Makes realistic commitments for themselves and the team, and does what it takes to keep those commitments.  · Use the feedback for coaching and development rather than a for a performance review or to weed out ineffective managers. Although it can eventually be folded into the performance review process, it creates less defensiveness if people have a chance to work on their skill gaps before they are evaluated on them. It isnt fair to surprise employees with a performance review on expectations they havent seen before.  · No matter how open the culture is, people are reluctant to be honest unless they can give feedback anonymously. Later, if managers are genuinely willing to discuss their feedback openly, individuals will come forward with their personal feedback and advice. Initially, each manager should collect data from a minimum of three or more peers and three or more employees so that confidentiality is preserved.  · Time and trouble can be avoided by using an experienced third party to guide the group and to independently gather and tabulate the feedback for each manager. When we help organizations with this process, we find that people are more willing to be honest when they know that a neutral party is doing the tabulation and individual feedback reports.  · Give the data and any summary report back to the manager, not to their boss. Hold managers accountable for creating an action plan that they will co-develop with their manager. The plan should include how they plan to leverage their top strengths and how they plan to improve their weaker areas. The plan should also include how the boss can help with that development.  · An overall report on the organizations strengths and development needs can be used to determine what the training priorities are, what should be included in a core curriculum and where training dollars should be spent.  · An independent third party can provide help to a manager who is struggling with his/her feedback and what to do about it. If they are unfavorably surprised by what their peers or employees think, they will probably appreciate guidance in how to approach their colleagues for more clarity.  · Managers should meet with their manager at least once a year to go over their action plan and discuss progress. The best career development happens on the job, so its important that manager play an active role by coaching their employee, giving them new and challenging assignments that will play to their strengths and develop weaker areas. Companies are realizing that more sophisticated performance management has a bottom -line pay off and individuals are demanding more coaching and development on the job. Systems like these can be a win/win for everyone. Outcome 2 Personal Skills Audit Task 3 Provide evidence of the various personal skills audits carried out as an aid to understanding where you stand with regards to achieving the objective of becoming a more effective manager. These to include the obligatory analyses of the personal learning style and skills audit. Choose from the strengths and weaknesses these reveal, samples that will affect the development of the 4 skills from outcome 1 (1.2a). SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT Good Time Management is an essential quality for anyone who needs to work efficiently and effectively in an everyday working environment. It is essential if you are to achieve the organizations objectives and indeed the individuals personal objectives. There are many techniques which, when combined, give an individual (or team) the skills required to time manage the task effectively. In a nutshell, time management is all about making the most efficient and effective use of your time. Some examples of these skills and techniques are as follows: a. Planning and Organization b. Prioritizing c. Delegating d. Review and Monitoring PLANNING AND ORGANISATION Information/Anticipation: Successful planning requires accurate information from which decisions are eventually made. This accurate information is crucial if these decisions are to be well judged and implemented successfully. An element of anticipation is also a bonus if you are able to best guess a possible arising which may influence your decision. Flexibility: The planning must also be flexible as not all plans are set in concrete Circumstances change and the overall plan must remain flexible and capable of change as the situation determines. Sufficient time spent planning can greatly reduce the overall time taken to complete an activity and should always consider all factors which may have an influence on the tasks final outcome. By giving the objective the correct amount of time in the planning phase, and by factoring in any events which could (if not considered) destroy or devalue the overall outcome of the task. Goal Setting: By ensuring clear goals are set from the outset, and by keeping a constant review of the tasks progress, a successful outcome should ensue when coupled with other skills and techniques in successful time management. Planning should be considered not just in the short term for each single objective but also include daily, weekly and long term planning. PRIORTISING As suggested, planning alone will not necessarily ensure successful objectives are met. Allocated time must also be prioritized in a manner that focuses on the goals set during the planning phase. Many people often spend their day in a frenzy of activity but because they are prioritizing their time correctly, they achieve a lot less output. PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS REQUIRED TO MANAGE EFFECTIVELY ATTRIBUTES OF A MANAGER To manage effectively, an individual requires many skills and various personal qualities to enable the successful completion of his, or her, objectives. The skills and qualities combine to shape the management style of the individual and the style can directly affect the final outcome of the task completion. These attributes could be broken into four main headings as follows: Proficiency Technical Competence Social and Human skills Conceptual Ability Within each of the above headings there are many sub groups which all combine to give the individual manager his unique style of management which can, or may not be, particularly effective. SPECIFIC COMPETENCES Communication: Managing well requires sound communication skills above all else. No manager can relay their planning and intentions without this basic skill. It is vital that communication, by whatever means, relays the information to the staff and that more importantly, the information is understood and deliverable. Two way communication is essential, everyone will have some part to play in the exchange of information and the communication process. Planning: Sound planning ensures the objectives are met and met within the framework of the organizations structure. Effective planning at the outset will ensure there is a realistic chance of completion in line with the goals set. Knowledge and Information gathering: Planning without the necessary information will very often prove unsuccessful. It is vital that the information is gathered and the plan drawn up based on this information. Accurate information is essential if the plan is to prove a success. Problem solving/decision making: As with any plan there are nearly always options and many ways to skin a cat This will involve decision making and problem solving which the manager can make more effectively if the correct information is in place and the correct people in the team consulted. Time prioritizing: Good time management is vital, without it the manager will become less and less effective as his or her time will be spent less and less productively. The art of successful time management is one which all successful managers must master. Training and Development: The workforce can only be as good as they training they receive and the same applies to management. Personal development and training aimed at improving managerial technique should always be encouraged. Review and Monitor: As with all managed tasks, the monitoring and review of the progress and outcome is essential if lessons are to be learned and improved techniques are to be developed. The process on review should encourage an exchange of information of all those personnel involved and sound two-way communication is essential. Goal Setting: The planning and information gathering stage will provide sufficient knowledge for a manager to set some targets and goals. If this information is accurate and the manager skilled in making judgment, a realistic goal can be set with achievable outcomes in the time given. Interpersonal Skills: The ability of the manager to relate to his staff is vital. It is this communication and personal skill which will persuade the staff member to perform for his manager, that feeling of inclusion and a belonging which the manager relays to his staff member. The successful manager needs to be caring, companionate, and where possible remain calm under a crisis. Listening skills are also essential as are negotiating skills. A good team player normally combines most of these interpersonal skills and uses them to good effect in everyday management. 3. PERSONAL SKILLS AUDIT AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN TABLE 1:- PERSONAL SKILLS AUDIT Skills Examples and evidence Score 1 5 (5 highest) Communication and Literacy skills Good use of written English gained from producing engineering assignments and written formal management reports during my seven years in the Aeronautical Research and Development. department at Bae Systems. Oral presentation skills adequate and improving. Many chances to practice them in seminars and presentations. Prefer making individual presentations to group presentations as then I am more in control of the structure and flow etc. In future I intend practicing any presentation that I have to give in front of a small audience of friends a few times in order to check that it has good content, structure and timing. I am also developing communication skills in a work context. Clear communication between myself and my sub contractors and boss is important. Also, am developing good interpersonal and communication skills in my contact with colleagues at work as well as in my dealings with customers. 4 Group Interpersonal Skills Working with others I have plenty of experience of working as part of a team and being an effective member of a group. This began with sport at school and continued throughout my 27 years in the armed forces where teamwork is essential and vital in certain situations. My current employment offers frequent opportunity to take part in group work as part of the weekly team planning and reporting meetings. I always try to make a positive contribution as my final decision on the outcome of the discussions will decide if the objectives are met, or not. At work, I play the lead role in decision making but consult all my team members on a democratic basis.. This ensures all the team members have a valued input and builds a healthy team ethos. I think that I am quite good at welcoming new employees and helping people to fit in and adjust to the pattern of work. I want to improve my leadership skills further through courses targeted in this area and by continuing to plan and organize team events and expeditions. 4 Organization Personal Skills Independent Learning and Working I am self-motivated as long as the task is interesting and holds my attention. The freedom to make decisions free from senior managers input helps greatly and means I can plan and schedule the work as I choose. Although I feel my Time Management is quite strong, I aim to improve my time management strategies regarding the meeting of programme deadlines for the customer. I currently hold three levels of Sports coaching award and coach Tennis at several different locations. This requires commitment and dedication as the lessons are not always charged for. I have had a number of jobs in the past two years and have been lucky in that I have had to take the responsibility and act on my own initiative in each of the roles. 3 Research Problem Solving Skills I try to view problems as challenges rather than major obstacles. I think that I am systematic and logical when it comes to thinking about problems and their solution. I have developed these skills both as an individual and as part of working in groups where the group task which we are set is frequently of a problem-solving nature, have also gained a good grasp of the processes which one needs to go through to solve problems i.e. problem definition, generating alternative solutions, selection of most appropriate response and the eventual implementation of a carefully-considered solution. 4 ICT Skills I started developing computer skills when I entered into the Research and Development department 9 years ago. I have since carried out the European Computer Driving Licence and work regularly with all MS Office products. I also use MS Project for my planning and scheduling of works but am without formal training on this software. I would like to spend some time on a placement course to improve my skills on this product. I am confident using e-mail and use it on a daily basis both to communicate with my clients, customers and sub-contractors. I also use email a great deal at home to keep in touch with my friends and family. I use the internet for research as well as online banking and booking holidays, reservations, flowers and shopping etc. 4 Application of Numerical Techniques Good basic grounding in maths skills including graphs/charts GCSE grade A and BTEC mechanical engineering. I have good skills at mental arithmetic which is vital for fast track quotations for the customer during unforeseen work and additional items not scheduled. 4 Outcome 3 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN Task 4 Provide a personal development plan- see format supplied by Edexcel showing how you intend to use the knowledge from outcomes 1 and 2 to further enhance or develop the skills you need to improve your managerial effectiveness. This to include a statement of objectives (SMART) and a SWOT analysis.(1.3a) DELEGATION Another important technique of successful time management is the ability to delegate work effectively. Delegation, used wisely, is an essential tool of the successful manager. It can free valuable time to enable the manager to target his or her time more effectively and thereby increasing the chances of a successful outcome. Delegation should be applied using the S.M.A.R.T. principles and not over ambitious. Where: S à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Specific M à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Measurable A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Achievable R à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Realistic T à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Time The delegation should achieve the desired results through a clear, concise brief which should match the authority and responsibility of the individual and should be used consistently and through the management/staff chain as required. Another positive outcome of successful delegation include improved flexibility within the team, upskilling, increase in morale and motivation, reduced sick leave and a improved team environment where team members feel more informed and inclusive. Task 5 Provide evidence of the monitoring and feedback undertaken where relevant and any adjustments made to the plan so that

Essay --

Have you ever wondered who invented the modern computers we use today?Now, you would probably say Microsoft or Apple; however the truth is modern computers were invented by Alan Turing. He invented the Turing Machine, which is a computer that could process anything. In other words he created the first programing language. Not only did he contribute to computer science, but also in biology, chemistry, physics, and especially mathematics. He has countless number of achievements including his contribution of cracking the Nazi enigma code, which seemed at that time, â€Å"unbreakable†. Now lets dive into the life of Alan. Now where is better to start than his early life. Alan was born into a wealthy family. He was born on the June of 25, 1912 in London, Maida Vale, Warrington Crescent, and Warrington Lodge. He was christened on july 7, 1912 at the St. Saviour's church. Alan did not live with his father early on in his life because his father, Julius Turing worked for a civil service in India. He worked for the Madras Presidency. There he met alan mother Ethel Stoney. Alan was the youngest in his family. He has one older brother named John Turing. He his 4 years older than Alan. Alan was a very curious boy. He always questioned how thing are done. He was always not shy and ready to greet anyone. He also acted a lot more mature for his age. He loved to use large words as a child. However he did enjoy the company of figures. Extraordinarily, he thought himself to read in 3 weeks by using an interesting method he deceived called the â€Å"knowing spot†. He had a problem of not remembering to read t he figures from left to right or vise versa. Alan then used his left hand’s thumb as a marker for reading the figures. He called it the â€Å"knowing spot†. L... ...t the same yard as his father. He did have a rule to eat an apple a night. He also loved to chant the poison apple brewing scene from snow white as a child. Some people misunderstanding that the Apple Logo does not come from this reason ,but instead because the bite helps distinguish it from a cherry. However Steve Jobs says, "God, we wish it were" Alan Turing was a man who accomplishments countless number of things in his life. Varying from computers, biology, physics, and mathematics. However he lost his life at such a young age for a reason unknown to us. He helped win WWII and created the concept of programming when everyone else says it is impossible. Also he did not stop there but also defined what makes a computer smart. He created the first Artificial intelligence. He still use all use methods today. He was the man known as the father of modern computers.

Obesity Essay

One in every three Americans is obese. Worthy of notice is the statistical record showing that in the United States, roughly 300,000 deaths per year are directly related to obesity (http://www. medicinenet. com/obesity_weight_loss/page6. htm, 2003). This is alarming. The present day is perfectly described as a product of Mcdonaldization. In all walks of life, fast food restaurants are visible. This is a fact which greatly affects the health conditions of citizens particularly at an early age. One thing is attributable to this: people are not walking enough and people are not physically working enough! Worthy of notice are the effects of less walk and less physical activity. These include obesity and overweight. Obesity and overweight issues has been a subject of many inquiries nowadays. To define the two may be useful to distinguish one from the other. Obesity is simply one having excess fats in the body. Overweight on the other hand is one having excess weight over and above than the normal relative to one’s sex, gender and height (http://www. naturesintentionsnaturopathy. com/weight-loss/facts. htm, no year). More often than not, only cases of obesity result to various physical or health trouble ((http://www. annecollins. om/lose_weight/overweight. htm, no year)). But why tackle on both issues? Both obesity and overweight have physical and social adverse impact in day to day activities. First, on overweight. Experience tells us that having an overweight body is physically heavy to carry. Thus, oversized individuals tend to work less and move less. Resulting as it does to becoming more overweight and eventually becoming obese. Second, on obesity. Obesity, being a health dilemma may result to chronic diseases including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, heart attack, cancer osteoarthritis, to name a few (http://www. medicinenet. om/obesity_weight_loss/page6. htm, 2003). More importantly, obesity decreases life expectancy (http://www. annecollins. com/lose_weight/overweight. htm, no year). This is because studies show that obesity is associated with several diseases leading to early death. Caveat to all is the fact that not all overweight are obese and that not all obese are overweight. Thus, health problems associated with obesity may not be present in individuals who are merely overweight. nevertheless, it can be observed that solution to obesity is not in any way a hindrance. It does not have any adverse effect on the health of indidividuals, whether young or old. The way of resolving the problem is to first determine the causes. What causes obesity and overweight? One major reason of obesity and overweight is laziness. This means the refusal of one person to transport one’s self from home to gym. Research shows that over 34% of female and 12% of male adolescents take to time for leisure physical activity during a one-week period (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_influences_on_fitness_behavior, no year). Moreover, present leisure among teenagers and youngsters are focused on accessing computers and the internet. Thus, having little time or worst, no time at all for any physical activity. Considering these causes, attention may now be focused on resolving the problem. First is the Wellness on Wheels in England (WOW). England created a mobile gym with electronic fitness monitoring equipment. This was resorted to because of there is greater probability for individuals to involve in physical activity. Second is the Walking School Bus project. This was initiated by the Heritage Elementary School in San Diego. This allows the students to walking to their respective designated spots for purposes of waiting for people for a train of people to pick them up. This gives the students the opportunity to walk along with their peers in going to school (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_influences_on_fitness_behavior, no year). In this way, children at an early age are already exposed to physical activity. Because we have to remember that obesity starts at an early age. It is but proper that solution or shall I say prevention should likewise start at these ages. Both these projects boil down into one, physical activity or physical exercise. As said, people are not walking enough; people are not physically working enough! Walking and physical exercise of 30 minutes a day, for three days a week can lose up to a quarter-pound of fat a week. Constant activity could lose 12 to 15 pounds of fat from exercise alone. Take note, this is permanent solution (http://www. annecollins. com/lose_weight/overweight. htm, no year) as opposed to drastic ones. Constant physical activity and exercise such as walking help burn calories (http://www. medicinenet. com/obesity_weight_loss/page6. htm, 2003). More importantly, the United States is nowadays focusing projects in reducing obesity starting at early childhood. Thus, schools are the subject of various projects not only dealing with physical activity but on the health diet as well (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Obesity#Environmental_factors, no year). This is amazing but true. Thus, it is highly encouraged for people to take time to walk and participate in an activity which requires movement of the body, the best way being is walking. More importantly, notice should be given that prevention is better than cure. Thus, prevention particularly at an early age should be given particular attention.

Columbus- hero of villain essays

Columbus- hero of villain essays When a person hears the word prejudice, he or she might think it only refers to the racial prejudice often found between those with light skin and those with dark skin. However, prejudice runs much deeper than a person's color. Prejudice is found between gender, religion, cultural and geographical background, and race. People have discriminated against others based upon these attributes from the beginning of time. Prejudice has become a complex problem in our society today and much of our world's history is based upon such hatred. In the 1600's, white men used Africans as slaves and treated them as if they were not human. Colored people were not even allowed to use the same drinking fountains as white people until the mid-1900's. Hitler and his men killed over five million people because they were Jewish or were not their definition of normal. The Ku Klux Klan exists today and openly professes its hatred towards Jews and colored people. Our society is riddled with such hatred b ased upon peoples' beliefs and origins and it seems millions are fighting each other for no relevant reason at all. It is possible to greatly reduce the amount of prejudice in our world today, yet it will be difficult or even impossible for it to completely go away. Society has seemingly come to except all races, religions, and genders, and has supposedly achieved political correctness, yet there will forever be individuals who discriminate based upon these issues. These individuals often form large groups that recruit new members to enforce their hatred of those with a certain religion or skin tone. Obviously, no one can tell these people that they cannot have their own opinions or beliefs, for they have the right to hate whomever they like. As a method of prevention children need to be raised to accept all people, no matter what god they do or do not believe in or what color skin they may have. If children are raised around people who a ...

Satanic Leaf-Tailed Gecko Facts

Satanic Leaf-Tailed Gecko Facts The satanic leaf-tailed gecko (Uroplatus phantasticus), is a mild-mannered reptile that, despite its name, prefers to take peaceful naps in the forests of Madagascar. It has evolved an extreme method of camouflage: becoming a dead leaf. Fast Facts: Satanic Leaf-Tailed Gecko Scientific Name: Uroplatus phantasticusCommon Name: Satanic leaf-tailed geckoBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 2.5–3.5 inchesWeight: 0.35–1 ounceLifespan: 3–5 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Mountainous rainforests of eastern MadagascarConservation Status: Least Concern Description The satanic leaf-tailed gecko is one of 13 recognized species belonging to the gekkonid lizard genus Uroplatus, which were discovered on the island of Madagascar in the 17th century. The 13 species are broken into several groups based, in part, on the vegetation they mimic. U. phantasticus belongs in the group named U. ebenaui, which is comprised of three members, including U. malama and U. ebenaui: all three look like dead leaves. All leaf-tailed geckos have long, flat bodies with triangular heads. The satanic leaf-tailed gecko is mottled brown, gray, tan, or orange in color, the same shade as the decaying leaves in its natural environment. The geckos body is curved like the edge of a leaf, and its skin is marked with lines that mimic a leafs veins. But the most remarkable accessory in the leaf-tailed geckos disguise is undoubtedly its tail: The gecko has the longest and widest tail of all the U. ebenaui group. The lizards tail is not only shaped and colored like a leaf, but it also bears notches, frills, and imperfections to more closely resemble a dead leaf that has been gnawed on by insects. Like the rest of its group, the satanic leaf-tailed gecko is small in size compared to other Uroplatus groups, measuring between 2.5 to 3.5 inches long including its tail. reptiles4all/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution The satanic leaf-tailed gecko is found only in the mountainous rain forests in the southern two-thirds of eastern Madagascar, a large island nation just off the southeast coast of Africa. It is found at the base of trees disguising itself as leaf litter and up to about 6 feet up the trunk of a tree. Well known for its unique wildlife, Madagascars forests are home to lemurs and fossas and hissing cockroaches, in addition to being the only known habitat of the worlds satanic leaf-tailed geckos. Diet and Behavior The satanic leaf-tailed gecko rests all day, but as soon as the sun sets, its on the prowl for a meal. Its large, lidless eyes are made for spotting prey in the darkness. Like other lizards, this gecko is believed to feed on anything it can catch and fit in its mouth, from crickets to spiders. Little research has been done on satanic leaf-tailed geckos in their native environment, though, so we cant know for sure what else they consume. The satanic leaf-tailed gecko doesnt rely on passive camouflage to protect itself. It also behaves like a leaf when resting. The gecko sleeps with its body flattened against a tree trunk or branch, head down and leafy tail up. If needed, it twists its body to accentuate the leaf-like edges and help it blend in. It has a limited ability to change color, and when camouflage fails, it flicks its tail upwards, rears back its head, opens its mouth exposing a brilliant orange-red interior and sometimes even emits a loud distress call. reptiles4all/Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring In their native Madagascar, the start of the rainy season also marks the beginning of the gecko breeding season. When sexually mature, the male satanic leaf-tailed gecko has a bulge at the base of its tail, while the female does not. The female is oviparous, meaning she lays eggs and the young complete development outside of her body. The mother gecko lays her clutch, two or three spherical eggs, in the leaf litter on the ground or within dead leaves on a plant. This enables the young to remain hidden when they emerge about 95 days later. She may bear two or three clutches a year. Little is known about this secretive animal, but it is believed that the mother leaves the eggs to hatch and make it on their own. Conservation Status and Threats Though currently listed as a species of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, this unusual lizard may soon be at risk. Madagascars forests are being degraded at an alarming rate. Exotic pet enthusiasts also create a high demand for collecting and exporting the species, which is currently illegal but may continue in low numbers. Sources Giant leaf-tailed gecko. Smithsonian.  Glaw, Frank, and Miguel Vences. A Fieldguide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar Including Mammals and Freshwater Fish. Cologne, Germany: Verlag, 2007.Madagascar Leaf Tailed Gecko Care Sheet and Information. Western New York Herpetological Society, 2001–2002.Ratsoavina, F., et al. Uroplatus phantasticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T172906A6939382, 2011.Ratsoavina, Fanomezana Mihaja, et al. A New Leaf Tailed Gecko Species from Northern Madagascar with a Preliminary Assessment of Molecular and Morphological Variability in the Uroplatus Ebenaui Group. Zootaxa 3022.1 (2011): 39–57. Print.Spiess, Petra. Natures Dead Leaves and Pez Dispensers: Genus Uroplatus (Flat-tailed geckos). Kingsnake.com.

Business Policy and Strategic Management Research Paper

Business Policy and Strategic Management - Research Paper Example The author of the paper states that growth is the way of life. Almost all organizations plan to expand. This is why expansion strategies are the most popular corporate strategies. Companies aim for sustainable growth. A growing economy, burgeoning markets, customers seeking new ways of need satisfaction, and emerging technologies offer ample opportunities for companies to seek expansion. Apart from competitive strategies, competition could coexist with cooperation. Corporate strategies could take into account the possibility of mutual cooperation with competitors while competing with them at the same time so that the market potential could expand. Cooperative strategies could be of the following types: 1. Mergers 2. Takeovers (or Acquisitions). 3. Joint Ventures & 4. Strategic Alliances.  Merger and takeover (or acquisition) strategies essentially involve the external approach to expansion. Basically two, or occasionally more than two, entities are involved. There is not much diffe rence in the three terms used for such types of strategies and they are frequently used synonymously. But a subtle distinction can be made. While mergers take place when the objectives of the buyer firm and the seller firm are matched to a large extent, takeover or acquisitions usually are based on the strong motivation of the buyer firm to acquire. The takeover is a common way for acquisition and maybe defining as "the attempt (often spring as a surprise) of one firm to acquire ownership or control over another firm against the wishes of the later management (and perhaps some of its stockholders). Joint ventures occur when an independent firm is created by at least two firms. In an era of globalization, joint ventures have proved to be invaluable strategies for companies looking for expansion opportunities globally. Strategic alliances are partnerships between firms' whereby their resources, capabilities, and core competencies are combined to pursue mutual interests to develop, man ufacture or distribute goods or services. Organizations follow the growth paths can be pursued via external expansion and mergers are the most popular measures. In this case (Merger) the business does not create the productive facilities itself, but purchases existing production. A merger is a situation in which, as a result of the mutual agreement two firms decide to bring together their business operations. A merger is distinct from a take over in so far as a takeover involves one firm bidding for another's shares. One firm thereby acquires another. A merger implies that managers through negotiation have reached an agreement acceptable to both sides. Mergers provide a much quicker means to growth than internal expansion. Not only does the firm acquire new capacity, but also it acquires additional consumer demand. Building up this level of consumer demand by internal expansion might have taken a considerable length of time.  

Research Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Research Assignment - Essay Example This paper will look at the two pieces of art, the two murals, found in a knight library of the University of Oregon in the United States of America and their significance in the art industry. The two murals found in the knight library of the University of Oregon bear a lot of significance to the university as well as to the people who sees the murals. A lot can be learnt from the murals concerning the historical development of the human society as thinking and creative and expressive organisms. As is argued by Teague the murals are drawn in an ascending manner depending on their levels of complication and sophistic look that can be interpreted at two distinct but related levels in human development and advancement in capability, that is, the two murals can be viewed as the developmental advancement at the university of Oregon since its inception as well as the entire human race as a creative and communicative of being (Teague, 2006). As has been mentioned earlier in this paper, art works are sources of information that portray the message they bear in a very secretive and hidden manner that only those who makes them understand better. One cannot be able to understand wha t information art works always communicate to the other people unless a second thought is given to these with regard to the interpretation capability of the persons involved. The interpretations of the kind of information passed around by these two murals can be differently interpreted in different ways other than the two levels mentioned above depending the persons doing the interpretation as well as the perspectives taken by the interpreter (RiverFront Research Park, 2006). Apart from the two murals being designs that meant for increasing the aesthetic values of the university library, they also communicate with various people who visit the university library at different levels. The murals fitted in the knight library have been very instrumental in

Economic of a Security System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic of a Security System - Essay Example airline and airport security. It provides trained federal employees for passenger and baggage screening and it supplies sky marshals (air marshals) for unnamed commercial flights (Salant, 2002). With all the increased taxes because of additional airport security undertaken by our government, is it still viable for airports to further add their own measures in security Will these measures not affect passenger's willingness to travel by air, given an additional $ 5 to their tickets and more minutes waiting in line The federalization of commercial aviation resulted in the removal of contract private security personnel from passenger- and baggage-screening points. They were replaced with twice as many federal TSA employees, who earn almost two times the salary of their private-sector counterparts. The impact of this transition has yet to be measured. Some have argued that federalized passenger screening has not delivered a noticeable improvement in air passenger safety (Dalton, 2003). Also, wages of airport security personnel have been increased and are now comparable to police and fire protection jobs. Entry-level pay starts at around $20 an hour plus U.S. federal employee benefits (GAO, 13 June 2003). As airline security is now a national concern, it is the standard operating procedu

Does Internet Help Spread Democracy Essay Example for Free

Does Internet Help Spread Democracy Essay How invention of the Internet changed the world? How it contributes to the spread of democracy? Does it have any impact on it? These questions are under debate till nowadays. In this paper, I will try to express my viewpoint on this dispute. To begin with, let briefly look at the Egyptian revolution which was held in 2011. It was the first revolution where social media and Internet played the crucial role. † After 30 years of living in a â€Å"fake democratic system† under Hosni Mubarak, the Egyptian people had had enough† (Pritamkabe, 2011). After fake election in 2010, people, especially young generation, decided to make a protest in order to create a real democratic system. â€Å"There was no freedom of assembly in Egypt, and protests or political activism was banned† (Pritamkabe, 2011), but social media helped people to band together . Using Twitter and Facebook, people were discussing and organizing protests against the government. Government was not happy about this and later it shut down access to the Internet for 5 days. It made situation even worse and people started to show their disappointment on the streets. A lot of videos were posted on the Youtube and the whole world could be aware about the following circumstances. All in all, the new elections were held and citizens had an opportunity to elect the new president. From this revolution, we can see how much power Internet has nowadays and that this type of media can provide actual and not fake information for other countries. One of the key elements of democracy is the good governance that means that government should focus on public interest and act in behalf of its citizens. Everybody would agree that due to the Internet, it is easier to access information you need. It enables governments, political parties and other political organizations to interface with citizens and present their ideas that lead to an increase in political participation and stimulate democracy. In addition, it allows you as the citizen to meet and exchange the views all the parties concerned. Moreover, Internet and other media help people to be aware what is going on around the world and to be up-to-date about global events. It makes people more educated and helps to make rational decisions. The other element of democracy is a freedom of opinion, speech, press and mass media. Internet is a place, where all these things became possible. Due to the Internet, people can speak their mind, share their own opinions and the most importantly – they would be heard. Now people have an opportunity to come together online and discuss on worldwide problems, provide advices and try to find solutions. Here even long distance does not play a role and it is a huge advantage of the Internet. Government accountability, and have checks and balances in a constitutional system, are crucial elements required for the functioning of a real democracy† (Pritamkabe, 2011). In order to build a good relationship between state government and its citizens, there must be transparency of governmental actions. As the result, it builds trustworthy relationship between people and government that leads to better political participation and fair elections, better observation of election results and reduction of corruption. In fact, Internet and e-governance helps to create it. Certainly, Internet has its negative side. It can be used to promote violence in the world, such as terrorist attacks. For instance, â€Å"terrorist groups like Al Qaeda have been using internet for spreading extremist and anti-American view† (Pritamkabe, 2011). There are still a lot of gang-related videos in such sites as a Youtube, which promote violent actions and incorporates more and more people. Moreover, from the Egypt example, we can see that government have a power to turn off Internet connection with respect to its own interests. It seems to be a violation of democratic system, there freedom of speech, press and mass media have to exist. To conclude, even that Internet have a negative effects on the spread of democracy, generally its positive factors overweight the negative side. I estimate that Internet possibilities, such as we know them today, are not available in non-democratic states. The development of the Internet is a result of joint actions among governments, commercials companies and individuals. It is the result of free movements of ideas and international cooperation on a global scale. In fact, these actions are heavily restricted in non-democratic countries. In authoritarian countries, Internet is used as a tool for the democratic opposition. It is used by the people who are fighting for human rights, free elections and political freedom. Therefore, Internet is a tool for spreading democracy and rooting out authoritarian rule.

Private Limited Companies Advantages and Disadvantages

Private Limited Companies Advantages and Disadvantages Financial Accounting Is the information to make decisions related to the organizations, it begins with the principles, concepts, and applications of financial accounting. Financial Accounting follows a set of rules and legislation known as accounting concepts, accounting policies, and procedures like the entity and prepayments. Financial Accounting explains for us what are the financial statements, tells us what are the rules of legislation while they are getting prepared, shows us how the financial accounts are prepared, helps us to understand how the various fields of business work together. It also keeps tracks of companys financial business like the cash flow and cash inflow. It provides stakeholders with official information like for Example: balance sheet account, profit and loss account, trading account. Sole Trader: It is owned by only one person, that has no exact legislation and has one or more employees, their main aim is to make profit. Sole Trader Advantages: They can make decisions easily and quickly Owner can control anything. Less legal formalities. It is simple to set up Sole Trader Disadvantages: Lack of capital. They have to work and think hard because For Example: If the owner is sick, they will not be able to work. Unlimited liability. Partnership: is between 2 to 20 partners or shareholders that works together and easy to setup, the owners share with each other the profits or losses of their business, and their main aim is to make profit. Advantages of a Partnership: It is easy to setup by the deed of partnership More capital is available. There are few paper to work on Disadvantages of a Partnership: Lack of goals to be achieved Unlimited liability Profits have to be divided between the partners Private Limited Company: Is known as ( LTD), it must have one or more director, they do not need a trading diploma, and it offers limited liability to its shareholders but it places certain limits on its ownership. Advantages of Private Limited Company: Limited liability. More serious than the status of a sole trader. Disadvantages of Private Limited Company: The corporation tax has to be paid. Cannot sell shares to public. Public Limited Company: Is known as PLC , its a company whose shares may be purchased by the public and whose share capital is not less than a statutory minimum, and must have minimum 2 directors. Advantages of a Public Limited Company: greater borrowing power the shareholders have limited liability shareholders can sell their shares freely to public Disadvantages of A Public Limited Company: The personal touch may be lost Published accounts have to be prepared Difficult to control and manage Too many legal formalities Clubs: It is the business that is connected from two or more people that has the same goal that they want to achieve. Their main objective is to provide services to the community Charities: It is known as the charities that we know for foundation like Dubai cares. Their main objective is to help other peoples or countries that are unable to pay for their needs and wants. The Advantages of being a Charity The Charity task can provide advice and information to assist a charity administration. Charities are not liable to pay Corporation Tax which is charged on clubs, societies and voluntary organisations. The Disadvantages of Being a Charity Limited rules that are carried on by charities. Trustees are not generally allowed to benefit financially from the charity. Companies Act ( 1985 ) Is the act of the congress of the UK, which will help the companies to register and to set responsibilities of the companies, their secretaries and directors. The act was the instance of consolidation of many other pieces of company legislation, and was one constituent part of the rules governing companies, it was governed by its own articles of relationship. The act is applied only to companies that will form into a legal corporation under it, or under older companys acts. In the act limited liability partnerships, sole traders, and partnerships were not governed by it. Companies Act (1989) Is an act to amend the law relating to the accounts of company, to make new provisions, to amend the companies act 1985 with respect of powers to get information, to create new provision with respect to the registration of charges in the company and to modify the law related to companies, to rephrase the fair trading act 1973, to allow provision to be made. Partnership Act (1890) Its the relation which exists between persons holding on a business in common with the view of profit. No interest is to be charged on drawings. Profits and losses are shared equally among partners. The relation between members of any company like: It is not a partnership within the meaning of this act Registered as a company under the companies act 1862 Rules for Determining Existence of Partnership To determine whether a partnership does or does not exist, you should follow the rules: Joint property, Joint tenancy, tenancy in common, common property, or part ownership does not of itself create a partnership, whether the owners do or do not share any profits made by the use The sharing of gross does not create a partnership, whether the persons sharing returns have or have not a common right or interest in any property Accounting Concepts Business Entity Concepts: It is a separated business and completely different from the owner at that business. It also can be applied to limited business like the charities. The owners personal spending is not recorded in the books at the business. The owners personal transaction appear in the book is when the introductions capital or makes drawings. Materiality: It is a rule which applies to the materials that are not always included in accounting rule; its applied to sole traders, partnership, limited companies, clubs and charities. Going Concern Concepts: It is the statement that business will continue operating in the future except if there a strong evidence or if there a weak evidence, the value is not taken from their break-up value which is the amount that they can sell it in a slow way. In final accounts of a business one of them prepares on the basis that there is no intension to close down the business. Accruals (Matching) Concepts: It is the income that will be received in some trading, lost profit and loss accounts. They should be given out from time to time to be paid. It also allows some people to go against other accounts if the amounts were so small that will be misled, in another words its when we have use something in a period of time. E.g.: bill phone, gas bill, and water bill. Prudence Concepts: It states that the inventory and the profits should not be expected but also included in the profit and loss account. This concept is known as conservation, If we applied this concept ensures that the account present a practical pictures of the state of the business. This concept is applied for making provisions for reduction of debts and stock valuation. Consistency Concepts: It is a way that accounting method uses it to there business, and the business has to keep on using it from time to another. In some areas of accounting a choice of method is available, and when it will be chosen, then they should apply it consistently from years to years. Money Measurement Concepts: It shows the transactions that can be used in monetary terms and in using measuring unit for financial reports. The account at a business only records the information which can be expressed in monetary terms. The value of a good manager that contains loyal work force, high stall morale, will make great benefits to the business. Historical Cost Concepts: It is the account that asset the price and the balance sheet that is based to an original cost when the company require it. Duality (Double Entry) Concepts: It is only one account that is joined together. For every transaction there is aspect in accounting that is made on the basis. A giving and a receiving is known as Dual Concept of all transaction. This is known as double entry. Principles of Relevance Concepts: It is a fact that is known to be gathered from one point of view and keep it. Reliability: It is a degree of person, measure, or object. It is important that profit is only recorded when it has actually been earned. Profits are not regarded as being earned when a customer places an order for goods. Profit is regarded as being earned at the time of goods or services pars to the customers. Comparability: It is the quality of the things that is used in business. Information in financial statements in a business can be more useful. it is compared with similar information about the same business for some other period of time or with other similar information about other business. Understand ability: Its how you understand the others and be able to talk and communicate to them. Information should not be omitted from the financial statements because it is believed it is too complex for users to understand financial statements must be capable of being understood by the users of those statements. Principles: They have two types in UK and US In US they have a lot of rules but when they prepare for their account they use the rule book and if it doesnt cover the rules, the rule book is approved to be used. In UK there is a general law applied to the accounting practice, but the only difference between US and UK that in UK they have an over riding requirements, the account has to be required it is called true and fair views Conventions: It is rules and procedures which are followed by all the organization it also guides the organization for the preparation of their accounts. Rules and Procedures Which Apply To Financial Statements: Financial statement shows only the business that can be given in a monetary terms. Depreciation: It is a company that has the free choice in choosing the company policies, procedures, and also it will affect on the reduction of the money amount that is used in your normal time in life. The organization has two methods to choose from: the straight line depreciation reducing balances Each method of them will result with a different amount of depreciation being charged against the profits. Bad Debts: The balance sheet reflects the amount of the money that the organizations owing it from sales, there is a lot of debtors that may not be able to pay the full amount. So The organizations need to allow a percentage of bad depts. The organization can choose what percentage they want and when to write the bad debts to make a provision, at the end it will affect the over all profit recorded. Provision for Doubtful Debts: It is a small amount that is set aside for something very expensive or something will happen later in the future (Debtors who may not pay their bills to the company) , they usual state the percentage of the great trade debtors. In future accounting, the profit periods would be twisted if the entity suffered a whole series of bad debts. So it seems cautious to allow for the chance that some debts may become bad. Accruals: It is an amount due for a service provided during a particular accounting period but still not paid for at the end of it. We should include them in our accounting before the year ends to show the true and fair views the organization need to ensure that this accounts is complying with accounting concepts. The addition will be included in the amount charged to the profit and loss account for the period as part of the cost of the service provided. Prepayments: It is an amount paid in cash during an accounting period for a provision that will be provided in a later period. Prepayments made will be deducted from the amount charged to the profit and loss account. Valuation of Stock: It should be valued at the lower cost and to be on the net value to observe with the conservative and caution concept. It has three main methods of valuing stock: FIFO LIFO AVCO Each will lead to different value and will affect the profit level. The Similarities and Differences of Sole Trader and Partnership Sole Traders: It is owned by only one person. One has to keep careful evidence if he is self-employed. If the business falters; his personal assets are likely to be liquidated. They dont need to divide there profit. Its easy to set up. Partnerships: Its owned by two or more people together. Profits are shared either equally or as per the terms given. If profits are to be shared, so are the liabilities too. Partners can profit from limited liability and collect tax advantages. Application of Accounting Conventions and Regulations We have in accounting a concept called true and fair view which help to ensure that accounting information is presented accurately and consistently. The most commonly encountered convention is the historical cost convention This requires transactions to be recorded at the price ruling at the time, and for assets to be valued at their original cost. Under the historical cost convention, therefore, no account is taken of changing prices in the economy. And there are other conventions in accounting we can summarize as follows: Monetary Measurement: Like workforce skill, morale, market leadership, brand recognition, quality of managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦And the accountants should not account for items unless they can be quantified in monetary terms. An important convention.. The concept of materiality is an important issue for auditors of financial accounts.